Urticaria crónica / Chronic urticaria

La urticaria crónica (VC), es una variante común de la urticaria que se define como un síndrome reactivo de la piel y mucosas caracterizado por la presencia de placas eritematosas, habones o ronchas edematosas y pruriginosas que se prolonga durante más de seis semanas. La etiología de la VC no es muy clara en la mayoría de los casos, multitud de causas se han implicado. La patogenia es compleja. El conocimiento y estudio de cada uno de los factores celulares y solubles, su interacción dinámica, vías efectoras y trama de citoquinas conducirá al logro de una terapéutica efectiva y racional de la urticaria crónica.

Chronic urticaria (VC) is a common variant of urticaria which is defined as a reactive skin and mucous membranes syndrome characterized by the presence of plaques erythematous, wheals, or swollen and itchy hives that lasts more than six weeks. The etiology of the VC is not very clear in the majority of cases, multitude of causes have been implicated. The pathogenesis is complex. Knowledge and study of each cell and soluble factors, their dynamic interaction, effector pathways and cytokines plot will lead to the achievement of an effective and rational therapy of chronic urticaria.

Conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas de fotoprotección de bañistas que acuden a playas de Lima / Knowledge, attitudes and practices of photo protection of swimmers in three beaches of Lima

Objetivo. Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas acerca de fotoprotección de bañistas que acuden a playas de Lima y Callao durante enero de 2012.Material y Métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en las playas Agua Dulce (Chorrillos), Playa Sur (San Bartolo) y La Punta (Callao) los días domingos del mes de enero de 2012. Se incluyó en el estudio a bañistas que se encontraban tomando un día de playa entre las 10 a.m. y 12 m., de cualquier sexo y de edad mayor o igual a 10 años. Se realizó una encuesta en la que se abordó aspectos relacionados a conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas de fotoprotección en la práctica diaria y en el día de playa. Los datos obtenidos fueron registrados en un instrumento de recolección de datos. resultados. Participaron del estudio 317 bañistas. Al evaluarse los conocimientos de los bañistas acerca de daños a largo plazo causados por la exposición solar, el cáncer de piel fue el identificado con mayor frecuencia (88,3%); 42,3% tenían una actitud positiva hacia el bronceado. Ante un día cotidiano de sol, la práctica más frecuente era la búsqueda de sombra (85,8%), mientras que el uso de otras medidas es limitado. Se observó un predominio significativo del uso de lentes oscuros en bañistas con instrucción superior (p < 0,001) y del bloqueador solar en mujeres (p = 0,012). En el día de playa, 70,7% de los bañistas había usado bloqueador solar; 58,7%, sombrilla y 57,7% sombrero o gorra. Existió predominio significativo en la aplicación de protector solar (p = 0,009) como en el uso de sombrilla (p = 0,027) en mujeres. Conclusión. A pesar de los conocimientos de los bañistas, un porcentaje importante no aplica las medidas que conoce en la práctica diaria y en el día de playa.

Objective. To determine the knowledge, attitudes and of photo protection of swimmers in beaches of Lima and Callao in January 2012. Material and MethOds. Cross-sectional study realized in three beachs: Agua Dulce (Chorrillos), San Bartolo (Sur) and La Punta (Callao) on Sundays of January 2012. The study enrolled swimmers between 10 am and 12 m, of both genre and with an age equal or greater than 10 years. An interview was realized about knowledge, attitudes, and practices of photo protection diary and at the beach. Data were recorded on a data collection sheet.cOnclusiOn. Despite their knowledge of swimmers, a high percent apply any measures that know in the diary practice and beach day. On average day, the usual measure was the search of shadow (85,5%), the use of others measures were limited. The use of sunglasses by swimmers with high instruction (p < 0,001) and the use of sunscreens by women (p < 012) had significant predominance. In the day at the beach, 70,7% of swimmers had used sunscreens, 58,7% used umbrellas and 57,7% hat or cap. There was a significant predominance in the application of sunscreen (p = 0,009) also for the use of umbrella) p = 0,027%) in women. results. 317 swimmers were and their knowledge about the long term damages caused by exposure to sunlight was evaluated. Skin cancer was identified with the highest frequency (88,3%) and there was a limited knowledge about others damages; 42,3% had a positive attitude towards tan.

Urticaria aguda / Acute urticaria

La urticaria es una reacción de la piel caracterizada clínicamente por la aparición de elevaciones cutáneas eritematosas o blanquecinas, edematosas, pruriginosas y transitorias, que pueden localizarse en cualquier parte de la superficie cutáneao en las mucosas. Su etiología es variada y sus mecanismos etiopatogénicos también suelen ser múltiples. La lesión típica es el habón o roncha, el cuál cambia de lugar en horas, su forma y tamaño son variables, puede persistir minutos, horas o semanas. La mayoría de las urticarias no presenta sintomatología sistémica. Suele clasificarse regularmente en urticaria aguda, cuando lleva menos de 6 semanas de aparición, y en urticaria crónica, cuando lleva más de 6 semanas. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico. Es una entidad frecuente que por su gran expresividad motivan constantes y reiteradas consultas a los servicios de urgencia. En este artículo se examinarán los mecanismos que llevan a la urticaria y angioedema, y se revisará la patogénesis, los aspectos clínicos, los estudios de laboratorio necesarios y el tratamiento de la urticaria aguda.

The urticaria is a skin reaction characterized clinically by the on set of erythematous skin elevations or whitish, oedematous,pruritic and transient, you can locate anywhere on the surface of the skin or the mucous membranes. Its etiology is varied and its mechanisms etiopathogenic also tend to be multiple. The typical lesion is the wheal or bump, which changes from place with inhours, its size and shape are variable, may persist for minutes, hours or weeks. The majority of the hives does not pose systemic symptoms. Usually qualify regularly in acute urticaria, when it takes less than 6 weeks of appearance, and chronic urticaria, when it takes over 6 weeks. The diagnosis is primarily clinical. Itis a common entity that by their expressivity motivate constants and repeated consultations to emergency services. This article will xamine the mechanisms that lead to angioedema and urticaria, he pathogenesis, clinical aspects, necessary laboratory studies and eatment.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices about sun exposure and photoprotection in outpatients attending dermatology clinics at four hospitals in Lima, Peru / Exposição solar e conhecimento, atitudes e práticas de fotoproteção em pacientes de unidades ambulatoriais de dermatologia em quatro hospitais de Lima, Peru

BACKGROUND: To establish the knowledge, about sun exposure and photoprotection in outpatients treated at the dermatology clinics in four hospitals in Lima, Peru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 364 patients selected using a systematic random sampling process in the four participating hospitals. The selected patients were interviewed to determine their knowledge, behavior and practices in relation to sun exposure and photoprotection. The chi-square test was used to identify any significant differences between knowledge and practices. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in this sample was 45.1 ± 21.4 years. Of the 364 patients, 55.9 percent were women and 54.8 percent had skin phototype IV. The principal risks related to sun exposure were skin cancer (80.5 percent) and sunburn (77.8 percent). Knowledge regarding sun protection was more evident in individuals with university/college education (p<0.001). In addition, 78.9 percent of the individuals reported that they knew about photo-protectors and 52.3 percent stated that they used them regularly. In general, women were more knowledgeable regarding sun protection (p=0.001). Of the total number of users of photoprotection, 38.4 percent used these products daily, while 61.6 percent used them only occasionally. The use of photo-protectors differed significantly in accordance with the individual's education level (p<0.001). In the majority of cases there was a statistically significant difference between knowledge and practice with respect to solar protection. CONCLUSIONS: The level of awareness of the outpatients treated at the dermatology clinics in these four hospitals in Lima, Peru about the risks of sun exposure is acceptable; however, a large proportion fail to incorporate regular solar protection as a practice in their daily life.

FUNDAMENTOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o conhecimento, sobre a exposição solar e fotoproteção em pacientes ambulatoriais tratados nas unidades de dermatologia de quatro hospitais em Lima, Peru. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal. A amostra foi formada por 364 pacientes originários dos quatro hospitais participantes. Os pacientes foram selecionados através de um processo de amostragem aleatória sistemática. Uma vez selecionados, os pacientes foram entrevistados para determinação do conhecimento, atitudes e práticas em relação à exposição ao sol e à fotoproteção. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para determinar diferenças significativas entre conhecimento e práticas. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tinham em média 45,1±21,4 anos de idade, 55,9 por cento eram mulheres e 54,8 por cento tinham pele fototipo IV. Os principais riscos relacionados à exposição solar foram câncer de pele (80,5 por cento) e queimaduras solares (77,8 por cento). Participantes com nível universitário apresentaram maior conhecimento sobre proteção solar (p <0,001). O conhecimento de fotoprotetores foi relatado por 78,9 por cento dos participantes enquanto o uso periódico dos fotoprotetores foi relatado por 52,3 por cento. As mulheres tinham conhecimento amplamente maior sobre proteção solar (p = 0,001). Do total de usuários de fotoprotetores, 38,4 por cento usavam o produto diariamente e 61,6 por cento usavam somente ocasionalmente. O uso de fotoprotetores variou significantemente com o nível de escolaridade (p <0,001). Na maioria dos casos se encontrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre o conhecimento sobre fotoproteção e práticas de fotoproteção. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes ambulatoriais tratados nas unidades de dermatologia desses quatro hospitais em Lima têm um nível aceitável de conhecimento mas um grande número deles não haviam incorporado práticas de fotoproteção nas rotinas pessoais.